The National library of Norway

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References, libraries, links, notes Who ‘I’ am. Feedback from readers. Navigating this site

This page is common for the English, Norwegian and all other versions.
Denne siden er felles for norske, engelsk og alle andre versjoner.

The National library of Norway. Until recently (1999), this has been the University Library in Oslo.
Note the ikon-like installation to the left, which has now been removed.
Photo O.E. 1998.

Some of the authors quoted. See also references listed in individual articles.

Pages where the individual authors or books are mentioned are shown in brackets [1, 2 etc.] following the author’s name.

Aarnes, Asbjørn [4]
– Bergson i tid ock varaktighet
Introductory essay in a Swedish edition of Henri Bergson:
‘Introduktion till metafysiken’, 1992.

Baudrillard, Jean [20]
– Fotografiet – lysets skrift/ The photograph – the writing of the light
Essay translated in part to Norwegian by Thor Varden and Kirsten Aasheim.
The weekly newspaper Morgenbladet, Oslo May 5, 2000.

Don Quichote and his horse Rosinante. Sculpture in Buenos Aires, Argentina (the artist’s name could not be observed).
Photo O.E. 2001.

Bjørneboe, Sven Kærup [2]
– ‘Oss svermere imellom, essays’, 1993
In Norwegian.

Christoffersen, Finn Owren (2004) [1,2,3,6,7,8,9,13,17,18,19,20,23,24,25,26,27,30,32,33]
Professional art photos on this site since 1999.

Damasio, Antonio R. [19, 26, 34]
– The feeling of what happens: body and emotion in the making of consciousness
Heinemann: London, 1999. ISBN: 0 439 00773 0.

Dehs, Jørgen, ed. [12]
– Aestetiske teorier – en antologi/Aesthetic theories – an anthology
In Danish. Odense Universitetsforlag 1995.

Dumont, Bruno [6]
– l’Humanité
Film, written & directed by Bruno Dumont. Cannes prize 1999.
Produced by Jean Bréhat, Rachid Bouchareb. Paris 1999.

Enzenberger, Hans Magnus [4]
– Akk, Europa
In Norwegian. Universitetsforlaget 1987.

Eriksen, Erik Oddvar and Weigård, Jarle [4]
– Kommunikativ handling og deliberativt demokrati
In Norwegian. Fagbokforlaget 1999.

Eriksen, Thomas Hylland [4, 8, 10, 11]
– Modernitet er ikke vestlig/Modernity is not Western
Article in the newspaper Aftenposten 18/11 -1996, search Eriksen’s website
Thomas Hylland Eriksen’s website
or here:
Aftenposten Interaktiv

Fisher, Roger; and Ury, William [1]
– Getting to Yes – negotiating agreement without giving in
First published 1981.
The online Norwegian libraries listed below have a number of references
to these authors, also in Scandinavian translations.

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang v. [13]
– Faust
Kommentiert von Erich Trunz. Quoted passages are from the scene ‘Im Studierzimmer’.
C.H.Bech, München 1994.

Griffin, Roger [15]
–The Nature of Fascism
Routledge London New York 1993 (first published 1991).

Grodal, Torben [16, 28, 31, 36]
– Moving Pictures: A New Theory of Film Genres, Feelings and Cognition.
Oxford, Clarendon Press,1997.

Hartman, Paul V. [6]
– What is Postmodernism?
Essay (6 kB) on “the world’s largest privately owned website”:
The Hartman Web Site

The Art Nouveau style ‘Grand Hotel Europa’ in Praha.
The Czecks consider they live in ‘the heart of Europe’.
Photo O.E. 1998.

Horney, Karen [8, 15, 32]
– Vore indre konflikter/ Our inner conflicts
New York 1945/ København 1967.

Langkjær, Birger [24, 31]
– Den lyttende tilskuer/ The listening viewer
In Danish. Tusculanums Forlag, København 2000.

Lash, Scott [23, 28, 29]
– Informationcritique
Draft for Chapter One of Culture and Society Theory, a book to be published in the autumn 2000 by Sage Publications. This draft was available at Goldsmith’s College’s homepage August 2000.

LeDoux, Joseph [19, 26, 32, 34, 35]
– The emotional brain: the mysterious underpinnings of emotional life
Simon & Schuster, New York, 1996.
See also further references on Page 19.

Loe, Erlend [27]
– Tatt av kvinnen/ Taken by the woman
Norli, Oslo 1993.
Official homepage: Erlend Loe (in Norwegian).

Lundby, Knut [14, 21]
– Mediekultur/Media culture
1993, Universitetsforlaget, Oslo. In Norwegian.

Meyer, Siri [27, 28, 29, 36]
– Bastarder og maktformer/ Bastards and forms of power
In Norwegian. Samtiden no.1, 2002, Oslo.

Puttick, Elizabeth [2, 13]
– A new typology of religion based on needs and values
Published in: Journal of beliefs and values Nov. 1997.

Rawls, John [1, 10]
– A Theory of Justice
1971.
– Political Liberalism
1992.

Ringdal, Nils Johan [6]
– Verdens vanskeligste yrke/ World’s most difficult profession
Subtitle: The world history of the prostitutes.
In Norwegian. Cappelen, Oslo 1997.

Rorty, Richard [4, 12, 13, 21, 29, 36]
– Consequences of Pragmatism (Essays: 1972-1980)
Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1982.
– Contingency, irony, and solidarity
Cambridge University Press, 1989.
Translation into Swedish by Joachim Retzlaff. Studentlitteratur, Lund 1997.

Sculpture at Piccadilly Circus, London
Photo O.E.

Sartre, Jean Paul [18, 19]
– Skitse til en teori om følelserne/ Esquisse d’une théorie des émotions
Original edition Herrmann, Paris 1939.
Danish translation, introduction by Arne Grøn. Hans Reizels Forlag, København 1994.

Schaanning, Espen [1, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 19, 21]
– Modernitetens oppløsning/The loosening up of modernity
Spartacus, Oslo 1992
– The sick body in the perspective of history of ideas, lecture 1994, printed in the book Vitenskap som skapt viten/Science as created knowledge
Spartacus, Oslo 1997. Both Books in Norwegian.

Schumacher, Ernest Friedrich (Fritz) [17,19]
-
- A guide for the perplexed
Abacus, London 1995. First published 1977.

Sejersted, Francis (1998) [11, 28]
– Teknologipolitikk/Technology politics
In Norwegian. Universitetsforlaget, Oslo

Skjervheim, Hans [4]
– Deltakar og tilskodar/Participant and bystander
Essay in Norwegian, first printed 1960. A copied version appeared at the University of
Oslo in 1957. Link to the full text as used here (40 kB) is not operative 8/1998.

Wilber, Ken [13, 19]
– A Brief History of Everything
Shambhala Publications, Boston & London 1996
– The Transpersonal and Science
Interviewed in Network, no 67, August 1998. Norwegian translation in
Flux no. 16, 1998, see under Tschudi, Henrik B.

Other websites referred to Norwegian online libraries

Picture of stained glass window in Notre Dame church, Paris [2, 5, 10]
Virtual Church homepage

Tomasmessen/The St. Thomas mass [2]
I have initiated another website giving some information about this type of ecumenic and Taizé-inspired mass and its background:
The St. Thomas mass – for seeking souls

Thema tour operators
Kultur-Reiser
NK Larsens Bureau

You can search for all books and authors available in Norwegian libraries at the following sites.
Note that all require the author’s name, if used, to be given as {last name,} {first name or initial or none}.
Search BIBSYS
Search Deichman

Sculpture at an Oslo library by unknown artists.
Photo O.E. 2000.

Articles in the newspaper Aftenposten may be searched for here:
Aftenposten Interaktiv

The data base BEDIN, initiated by Norwegian authorities, is a unique means of
informing business and industry about all relevant public material regulating or
supporting their work, and how to find the details:
BEDIN industry authorities data base

Notes & comments

The translation of Scandinavian texts into English is by myself. This work has been demanding, and for closer study, the original texts should be consulted. The translation to other languages is my own work, except that Gianna Sorentino, Roma, has translated much of the Italian Vision Page (2000). From 1999 the art photographer Finn Owren Christoffersen (see the reference list above) has been involved in supplying his own photos for illustrating the hypertexts and discussing their editing.

The number of Norwegian-Americans [11]
The numbers referred to in connection with Norsk Høstfest are based on censuses in 1897 and 1997. The counting of ancestors is such that the forefathers and -mothers may come from a maximum of two countries.

Note on browser details:
‘Best seen with any browser’ – with your participation!
Tests are made with Netscape, MS Explorer, Opera and Mac with good results.
The title boxes on the Vision page and on the present page should “blink” on and off using Netscape.
The initials in bold have somewhat different size with different browsers.

About the author

My name is Olav Egeland, M.Sc. eng./IT. (photo at right). I am myself author/webmaster of this website. Now freelance research journalist & consultant on cultural aspects, mediation etc.Member Norwegian Media Researchers’ Society; Member Norwegian Neuropsychological Society.
Photo O.E. 1998.

You are welcome to contact me at this slightly camouflaged e-mail address:

olavae at online dot no

Feedback from readers

The number of article hits recorded totaled about 40.000 during 2003. See also the statistics available on the WAP net on a mobile or a PC emulator, as shown at the top of this page. For example it appears that the Spanish version of the Vision page is about as well visited as the English version.

From Madrid At Plaza de Colòn/ Columbus Square.
Photo O.E. 2000.
In 8/99 I presented a paper containing some material from this website to the 14. Nordic Conference of Media and Communication Research, in Kungälv, Sweden. My presentation took place in Workshop 18 on ‘Language and rethorics in the media’. My paper and some others are published here. Valuable comments and suggestions resulted from the discussions.

From a plenary panel discussion at the media conference in Kungälv. Looking for the cutting edge of the current media research. From the left (all professors): Sonia Livingstone, London School of Economics; Horace Newcomb, U. of Texas; Klaus Bruhn Jensen, U. of Copenhagen; Thorbjörn Broddason, U. of Iceland (chairman and representative for the next bi-annual Conference). Photo O.E. 1999.
In 5/00 I presented another paper at the CRIS 2000 conference in Helsinki, Finland: ‘Qualified journalistic illumination on the Internet of scientific theories and research’, in which this site was extensively used for illustration. The CRIS conference is a bi-annual event sponsored and administered mainly by the European Commission.

O.E. 1997-2004.

Navigating this website

– Back to traditional Table of content in Norwegian/English New 4/01!

Articles inEnglish:

- Go to page: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ;; 11 13 14 15 16 17 18 ;; 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
- Back to the Index/Vision page in English; Deutsch; Francais; Italiano ; Español; Portuguêse; Russian

Articles in Norwegian:

– Gå til side: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ;; 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 ;; 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
- Tilbake til Indeks/Visjon side på bokmål; på nynorsk

End pm5adr

Sejarah Indonesia: An Online Timeline of Indonesian History

Beginnings to 1500: the Old Kingdoms and the coming of Islam 1500 to 1670: Great Kings and Trade Empires 1670 to 1800: Court Intrigues and the Dutch 1800 to 1830: Chaos and Resistance 1830 to 1910: Imperialism and Modernisation 1910 to 1940: New Nationalism 1940 to 1945: the Second World War 1945 to 1950: the War for Independence 1950 to 1965: the Sukarno years 1965 to 1998: Orde Baru: the Suharto years 1998 to 2001: Reformasi dan Persatuan Nasional 2001 to Today: Gotong Royong Help the People of Aceh · Search this site and make your own timeline � Vote in the Surveys · Pronounciation Guide · Useful Links � Bibliography � About This Site the 1945 Constitution E-Mail the builder of this site. www.gimonca.com All dates are C.E. for Common Era. Text © 1996-2001 Charles A. Gimon This is a non-profit, educational site. Permission is granted to copy as long as the material is not used for commercial purposes. If you like Sejarah Indonesia, you can help support it: by buying books through the Gimonca Bookstore, and by buying items through the Sejarah Indonesia store.

History of The Republic of Indonesia

Hartford Web Publishing is not the author of the documents in World History Archives and does not presume to validate their accuracy or authenticity nor to release their copyright. History of southeast Asia in general Documents for the history of West Papua  Documents for the economic history of Documents for the retrospective history of Indonesia Documents for the contemporary political history of Indonesia Documents for the economic history of Indonesia Documents for the working-class history of Indonesia Documents for the social history of Indonesia Documents for the culture history of Indonesia Documents for the media and telecommunications of Indonesia  Resources for the study of Title of list of docs if any By

San’at Art: Uzbek Culture

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Archive of San’at magazine   San’at Art Magazine 1-2 2005 >>>   1. Pages of history 2. Medieval Art of Sogd 3. Samarkand governors 4. Symbolical “texts” of Afrasiab 5. Amir Temur and Philippe Brunelleschi 6. Under Auroral standards 7. The musical instruments of Samarkand 8. Samarkand Ceramics 9. Samarkand Suzane 10. The national costume 11. Under a spell of the East 12. Samarkand – harmony of forms 13. The Storyteller from Childhood 14. Art – Therapy 15. Music of Samarkand 16. Art is over the borders 17. G.A. Pugachenkova 18. New Books 19. Chronicle of Art Life     1. Architecture 2. Horse equipment 3. Interior decor 4. Karakalpak woman 5. The master of Uzbek 6. Artist – Epoch – History 7. Poet Gafur Kadyirov 8. Song of the Soul 9. The dynasty of artists 10. Vladimir Pilipyuk 11. Batir Zakirov and “Music hall” 12. Cinematography 13. Cooperation of Uzbek 14. Uzbek – French contacts 15. Chronicle of Art Life     1. Palette of the Ancient Artist 2. Look back at your home 3. Art metal 4. Tashkent Biennale – 2003 5. Temurgalib Djamolutdinov 6. Bahtiyor Mahkamov 7. The Sea is leaving 8. Dmitry Novakov 9. Eshmamat Khayitov 10. Uzbek pop music 11. Boysun historical 12. The Boysun Deer 13. Art of Uzbekistan 14. Speech of Art 15. Sculptors in Navoi 16. New Schoolbook 17. Chronicle of Art Life     1. From history of Bukhara’s 2. Splendour of Bukhara 3. Hydro Architecture of the Bukhara 4. Bukhara’s costume 5. Plan-miniature of Bukhara 6. Bukhara’s Art of jewelry 7. Decor in Bukhara’s 8. Lively colors of Bukhara’s 9. Bukhara’s Gold Embroidery 10. Bukhara’s Artist 11. View of Bukhara’s sculpture 12. Abduvohid Krimov 13. Mutavakkil Burkhanov 14. Chronicle of Art Life     1. Hellenic traditions 2. Reconstruction of Chorustun 3. Architectural masterpieces 4. Dialogue 5. Desert and Garden 6. The Uzbek path of cubism 7. Vakhob Ziyaev 8. The Reflection 9. To art biography 10. Khazarasp 11. Musical Portraits of Cities 12. Art in Centuries 13. Chronicle of Art Life 14. The World of Fine Arts     1. Monuments of ancient art 2. Capitals – columns from Mizdahkan 3. Ritual jewelry 4. Kiymeshek 5. The Unique Treasury 6. My Karakalpakstan 7. Crystal – clear streets 8. Phenomenon of Edison Kee’s Art 9. Khodjimetov Sherzod 10. Baksi and Jyrau 11. Musical Spring in Boysun 12. Boysun Ceramics 13. International contacts 14. Chronicle of Art Life     1. Navruz 2. Coroplastics of East Kashkadrya 3. Uzbekistan and Spain 4. Rabats and Sardoba of Abdullakhan 5. Makhallya in Evolution of the City 6. Peter Annenkov 7. Echo of Ancient Epos 8. Akhmetshina Rezeda 9. Ikram Akbarov and Evolution 10. Metamorphoses 11. Rhythms of Inspiration 12. Our Dear Old 13. Seismograph 14. Chronicle of Art Life     1. High Day for Soul 2. Ancient Korea and Ancient Uzbekistan 3. Central Asian Beads 4. Wall Painting at Tavka 5. Buddhist Mandalas 6. Ceramic of Bukhara 7. Lions in Seclusion 8. Ages of Prosperity 9. Relief of the Memory 10. Artist Alisher Alikulov 11. Uzbek Pop – Music 12. Inanimate Puppet Playing 13. Chronicle of Art Life     1. The Cultic Semantics of Ceramics 2. The Medieval Vessel 3. The Urban Development 4. The Art World 5. The Hunter after Secret 6. “Navkiron Uzbekiston” 7. Clothing of the Kungrat Women 8. The Tapestry 9. Muse Of Photograph 10. Another Cinema 11. Analysis of historical prototypes 12. Chronicle of Art Life     1. Historical Civilizations 2. To Phenomenology 3. The Khorezm Jewelry Art 4. The Gijduvan Traditional Embroidery 5. “Thirst of life” Tura Shomirzaev 6. The Way to Poetry and Philosophy 7. Gobelins of Olim Ismoilov 8. Boysun – bahori 9. The Festival Becomes 10. The Iranian Miniature 11. The Jewelry – Land 12. Congratulations 13. Chronicle of Art Life     1. A new primitive art 2. Gava Sughda – Nautaka – Kesh 3. The architectural masterpieces 4. The embroidery of Shahrisabz 5. Creating means revealing 6. Sculptor Ravshan Mirtajiyev 7. Jurat Rahmani 8. Ceramic artist Ashur Mamasoliyev 9. Zaur Mansurov 10. Abdujabbor Nazilov 11. A small theatre 12. Bakhtiyor Turayev 13. The colourful threads 14. Composer Mirsadyk Tajiyev 15. Art chronicle

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TV Production and Element of Mass Communication

CyberCollege® has hundreds of media files and thousands of illustrations. (Click on Index on the right.)

One of the most popular features is a free, award- winning course in video and audio production. The title page can be accessed by clicking on the contents illustration below.

This interactive TV production course is now being used by thousands of students around the world.

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The free Mass Communication course (click on the image above) covers film, radio, TV, magazines, newspapers and the Internet.

The most controversial feature on the site is Fog’s Columns that cover politics, religion, and sex. Before his retirement Frederick “Fog” Horne had a distinguished career in newspapers and magazines.

There are also columns on education and hundreds of articles related to the media, including the latest studies on the social effects of media sex (not what are commonly assumed) and violence (probably much worse than commonly assumed).

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Film Genre: Form Any Typical

The Best Films of All Time – A Primer of Cinematic History www.filmsite.org & www.greatestfilms.org

Film Genres

Find the film genre you’re looking for at Movies Unlimited!

What are Film Genres? (see examples below)
Film genres are various forms or identifiable types, categories, classifications or groups of films that are recurring and have similar, familiar or instantly-recognizable patterns, syntax, filmic techniques or conventions – that include one or more of the following: settings (and props), content and subject matter, themes, mood, period, plot, central narrative events, motifs, styles, structures, situations, recurring icons (e.g., six-guns and ten-gallon hats in Westerns), stock characters (or characterizations), and stars. Many films straddle several film genres.

The Major Categories (Mega Genres) or Classifications of Film:
Before discussing specific film genres, it should be noted that there are various general or major types, classifications, or categories of films (defined in this site’s glossary of film terms), including:

Contrasting Types of Films
Non-fiction (or documentary), or biopics	Fiction
Feature films	Shorts (or short subjects), anthology films (films with two or more discrete stories), or serials
Silents	Talkies
‘A’ (or first-run) pictures	‘B’ pictures (and lower)
Regular	3-D
Black and white	Color
Widescreen	‘Pan and Scan’ formats
Animated films	Live-action films
Domestic films	Foreign-language films (sub-titled or dubbed)
Original version	Prequels, sequels, re-releases and remakes
Mainstream (big-budget Hollywood) studio films, sometimes blockbusters	Independent (aka indie) (or amateur), avant-garde or experimental-underground films (usually low-budget), or art-house films
Rated films – regarding the degree of violence, profanity, or sexual situations within the film: G, PG, PG-13, R, NC-17, or X	Unrated films

The Main Film Genres: (see examples below)
These are some of the most common and identifiable film genre categories:

Action
Adventure
Comedy
Crime/Gangster
Drama
Epics/Historical
Horror
Musicals
Science Fiction
War
Westerns

By the end of the silent era, many of the main genres were established: the melodrama, the western, the horror film, comedies, and action-adventure films (from swashbucklers to war movies). Musicals were inaugurated with the era of the Talkies, and the genre of science-fiction films wasn’t generally popularized until the 1950s. One problem with genre films is that they can become stale, cliche-ridden, and over-imitated. A traditional genre that has been reinterpreted, challenged, or subjected to scrutiny may be termed revisionist. There are obvious Genre Biases in the Selection of Best Picture Oscar Winners by AMPAS (Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences).

Non-Genre Film Categories:
There are also many non-genre film categories that cross-over many traditional genre film types, such as:

Animated Films
British Films
Childrens/Kids/Family Films
Classic Films
Cult Films
Documentary Films
Serial Films
Sexual/Erotic Films
Silent Films

Film Sub-Genres:
These are identifiable sub-classes within the larger film genre, with their own distinctive subject matter, style, formulas, and iconography. Some are them are major sub-genres, such as:

Biographical Films (“Biopics”)
‘Chick’ Flicks (or Gal Films)
Detective/Mystery Films
Disaster Films
Fantasy Films
Film Noir
‘Guy’ Films
Melodramas or Women’s “Weepers”
Road Films
Romance Films
Sports Films
Supernatural Films
Thrillers/Suspense Films

Minor Sub-Genres:

aviation films, buddy films, caper films, chase films, espionage films, “fallen” woman films, jungle films, legal films, martial arts films, medical films, military films, parody films, police films, political films, prison films, religious films, slasher films, swashbucklers, and more.

Action / Adventure African American Cinema Animation Art House & International Boxed Sets Classics Comedy Cult Movies Documentary Drama Horror Kids / Family Independents Musicals & Perf. Arts Music Video & Concerts Mystery / Suspense / Film Noir Romantic Comedies Sci-Fi / Fantasy Special Interests Sports Today’s Deals TV War & Military Westerns

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MAIN FILM GENRES

Select an icon or film genre category below, read about the development and history of the genre, and view chronological lists of selected, representative greatest films for each one (with links to detailed descriptions of individual films). Also view various non-genre film categories. If you’re interested in the chronological history of film by decade – visit the section on Film History or the multi-part section on Milestones in Film History.

Main Film Genres Iconic symbols represent the different genres of films	Descriptions of Main Film Genres
Action Films	Action films usually include high energy, big-budget physical stunts and chases, possibly with rescues, battles, fights, escapes, destructive crises (floods, explosions, natural disasters, fires, etc.), non-stop motion, spectacular rhythm and pacing, and adventurous, often two-dimensional ‘good-guy’ heroes (or recently, heroines) battling ‘bad guys’ – all designed for pure audience escapism. Includes the James Bond ‘fantasy’ spy/espionage series, martial arts films, and so-called ‘blaxploitation’ films. A major sub-genre is the disaster film. See also Greatest Disaster and Crowd Film Scenes and Greatest Classic Chase Scenes in Films.
Adventure Films	Adventure films are usually exciting stories, with new experiences or exotic locales, very similar to or often paired with the action film genre. They can include traditional swashbucklers, serialized films, and historical spectacles (similar to the epics film genre), searches or expeditions for lost continents, “jungle” and “desert” epics, treasure hunts, disaster films, or searches for the unknown.
Comedy Films	Comedies are light-hearted plots consistently and deliberately designed to amuse and provoke laughter (with one-liners, jokes, etc.) by exaggerating the situation, the language, action, relationships and characters. This section describes various forms of comedy through cinematic history, including slapstick, screwball, spoofs and parodies, romantic comedies, black comedy (dark satirical comedy), and more. See this site’s Funniest Film Moments and Scenes collection – illustrated, and also Premiere Magazine’s 50 Greatest Comedies of All Time.
Crime & Gangster Films	Crime (gangster) films are developed around the sinister actions of criminals or mobsters, particularly bankrobbers, underworld figures, or ruthless hoodlums who operate outside the law, stealing and murdering their way through life. Criminal and gangster films are often categorized as film noir or detective-mystery films – because of underlying similarities between these cinematic forms. This category includes a description of various ’serial killer’ films.
Drama Films	Dramas are serious, plot-driven presentations, portraying realistic characters, settings, life situations, and stories involving intense character development and interaction. Usually, they are not focused on special-effects, comedy, or action, Dramatic films are probably the largest film genre, with many subsets. See also the melodramas, epics (historical dramas), or romantic genres. Dramatic biographical films (or “biopics”) are a major sub-genre, as are ‘adult’ films (with mature subject content).
Epics/Historical Films	Epics include costume dramas, historical dramas, war films, medieval romps, or ‘period pictures’ that often cover a large expanse of time set against a vast, panoramic backdrop. Epics often share elements of the elaborate adventure films genre. Epics take an historical or imagined event, mythic, legendary, or heroic figure, and add an extravagant setting and lavish costumes, accompanied by grandeur and spectacle, dramatic scope, high production values, and a sweeping musical score. Epics are often a more spectacular, lavish version of a biopic film. Some ’sword and sandal’ films (Biblical epics or films occuring during antiquity) qualify as a sub-genre.
Horror Films	Horror films are designed to frighten and to invoke our hidden worst fears, often in a terrifying, shocking finale, while captivating and entertaining us at the same time in a cathartic experience. Horror films feature a wide range of styles, from the earliest silent Nosferatu classic, to today’s CGI monsters and deranged humans. They are often combined with science fiction when the menace or monster is related to a corruption of technology, or when Earth is threatened by aliens. The fantasy and supernatural film genres are not usually synonymous with the horror genre. There are many sub-genres of horror: slasher, teen terror, serial killers, satanic, Dracula, Frankenstein, etc. See this site’s Scariest Film Moments and Scenes collection – illustrated.
Musicals (Dance) Films	Musical/dance films are cinematic forms that emphasize full-scale scores or song and dance routines in a significant way (usually with a musical or dance performance integrated as part of the film narrative), or they are films that are centered on combinations of music, dance, song or choreography. Major subgenres include the musical comedy or the concert film. See this site’s Greatest Musical Song/Dance Movie Moments and Scenes collection – illustrated.
Science Fiction Films	Sci-fi films are often quasi-scientific, visionary and imaginative – complete with heroes, aliens, distant planets, impossible quests, improbable settings, fantastic places, great dark and shadowy villains, futuristic technology, unknown and unknowable forces, and extraordinary monsters (‘things or creatures from space’), either created by mad scientists or by nuclear havoc. They are sometimes an offshoot of fantasy films, or they share some similarities with action/adventure films. Science fiction often expresses the potential of technology to destroy humankind and easily overlaps with horror films, particularly when technology or alien life forms become malevolent, as in the “Atomic Age” of sci-fi films in the 1950s.
War (Anti-War) Films	War films acknowledge the horror and heartbreak of war, letting the actual combat fighting (against nations or humankind) on land, sea, or in the air provide the primary plot or background for the action of the film. War films are often paired with other genres, such as action, adventure, drama, romance, comedy (black), suspense, and even epics and , and they often take a denunciatory approach toward warfare. They may include POW tales, stories of military operations, and training.
Westerns	Westerns are the major defining genre of the American film industry – a eulogy to the early days of the expansive American frontier. They are one of the oldest, most enduring genres with very recognizable plots, elements, and characters (six-guns, horses, dusty towns and trails, cowboys, Indians, etc.). Over time, westerns have been re-defined, re-invented and expanded, dismissed, re-discovered, and spoofed.

In 1999, the Guinness Book of Film selected their Top 100 Films, categorized into a Top 5 for twenty different genres. In the lists of recommended genre films, those that have been selected as the 100 Greatest Films are marked with a .

Genre Categories:
They are broad enough to accommodate practically any film ever made, although film categories can never be precise. By isolating the various elements in a film and categorizing them in genres, it is possible to easily evaluate a film within its genre and allow for meaningful comparisons and some judgments on greatness. Films were not really subjected to genre analysis by film historians until the 1970s. All films have at least one major genre, although there are a number of films that are considered crossbreeds or hybrids with three or four overlapping genre (or sub-genre) types that identify them.

The auteur system can be contrasted to the genre system, in which films are rated on the basis of the expression of one person, usually the director, because his/her indelible style, authoring vision or ’signature’ dictates the personality, look, and feel of the film. Certain directors (and actors) are known for certain types of films, for example, Woody Allen and comedy, the Arthur Freed unit with musicals, Alfred Hitchcock for suspense and thrillers, John Ford and John Wayne with westerns, or Errol Flynn for classic swashbuckler adventure films.

Sub-Genre Film Categories - – - – - >

 

Crime Culture: Noir Film and Fiction

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21st-Century Crime offering interviews, reviews of fiction, non-fiction & classics re-issued, links for crime readers & writers ~ NEW in July 2005: The early literature of crime online NEW in Jan 2007: Serial Killer Fiction

Crimeculture Crime Fiction Crime Films True Crime Reading Lists Articles Links Courses

NOW OUT Lee Horsley Twentieth-Century Crime Fiction (Oxford University Press, 2005)	NEW CRIMECULTURE ARTICLES Summer 2005 CLARE CLARKE, Queen’s University Belfast, Reading the City and Identity in Fin de Siecle Crime Fiction DAVID COOPER, Lancaster University, Gender���s Survivalist Struggle: The Performative Distortion of the Body in Himes��� Rage in Harlem and Blincoe���s Acid Casuals ABIGAIL DAMMS, Lancaster University, Alternate realities and the detective’s search for the truth: A comparison of the Sherlock Holmes stories and The Usual Suspects JASON McKENZIE, Plymouth State University, Paradise Lost: Sin in Noir JASON McKENZIE, Plymouth State University, It���s Not Just Black and White: Gender Roles in Film Noir SUMMER SPECIAL Postmodern and Future Noir JAMALUDDIN BIN AZIZ, Lancaster University, and School of Humanities, University Science of Malaysia, Future Noir RENE DIETRICH, Albert-Ludwigs-Universit��t, Freiburg, Germany, Postmodern Noir Investigations and Disintegrations of Identity: Denis Johnson’s Resuscitation of a Hanged Man and Philip K. Dick’s A Scanner Darkly ROBERT COPPIN, Lancaster University, Lonely Young Men: A Baudrillardian Analysis of the Disaffection in the Novels of Bret Easton Ellis Dan Holmes, University of Wales, Swansea, Paul Auster���s deconstruction of the traditional hard-boiled detective narrative in The New York Trilogy ~ NEW to this issue: French Crime Fiction ~ a new section from SUE NEALE, Oxford Brookes University “Cold, damp, nothing zones”: the mean streets of the Midlands ~ review of Ray Banks’ The Big Blind and John Dalton’s The Concrete Sea
CALL FOR PAPERS: THE LITERARY ART OF MURDER Conference at Newcastle University 4-6 April 2008 deadline for submission of papers now September 15, 2007 with responses by September 30 ~ PULP ORIGINALS Classic crime novels for pulp fiction enthusiasts New in Nov 2004: Day Keene double ~ Bloody Foreigners Crime Fiction in Translation: Tour of international crime fiction, 27th March-6th April 2006
The links below are specifically for students taking courses in the Lancaster University English Department: Additional course material for Lancaster Contemporary Literary Studies students Additional course material for Lancaster students taking English 359 ~ British and American Crime Stories

PULP ORIGINALS ~ a site making available in e-book form some of the very best mid-century American crime novels. Now available: Harry Whittington’s The Devil Wears Wings, James McKimmey’s Squeeze Play and a Day Keene double

Lee Horsley’s work on 20th-century crime fiction was funded in 2003-04 by the AHRB. The Arts and Humanities Research Board (AHRB) funds postgraduate and advanced research within the UK’s higher education institutions. All AHRB awards are made on the basis of academic excellence. For additional information on the AHRB for publication purposes, please contact Lucy Furlong at c.varley@ahrb.ac.uk

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Each Not Eat

Nothing to do with out something to reach.
No time to get spirit and individual teach.
Move on, free the mind, control them face.
Hurry up, see another sun at another place.

Do

Sky and entire be sure,
nothing could be pure.
Human always make it soon
broken just one crown.

Do this better, yet.
Or reason for emphatyze get.